Environmental Problem Solving II: The Campus as a Living Laboratory. Student Papers

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Open Access
Student Perceptions of Sanitary Products Sustainability in Studley Campus Washrooms at Dalhousie University
(2025-04) Jacobi, Aurora; Sun, Bocong; Lavergne, Dana; MacLeod, Em; Hunt, Natasha
Restroom products play a crucial role in social sustainability, they also pose challenges to sustainable development by negatively impacting the environment (Pejčić & Vranjanac, 2016). The environmental consequences include the generation of significant waste, which can lead to environmental degradation (Pejčić & Vranjanac, 2016). Products such as toilet paper, paper towels, and menstrual products have been particularly controversial due to their single-use nature (Brito, 2023; Aujla et al., 2024). When discarded, toilet paper and paper towels become insoluble pollutants because of their material composition (Wang et al., 2023; Ingwersen et al., 2016). This study explores the sustainability of restroom products (soap, toilet paper, paper towels, and menstrual products) used on Dalhousie University’s Studley campus, focusing on student perceptions of these products and their environmental impacts. While essential for public health and hygiene, these products contribute significantly to environmental degradation, creating waste and affecting water and soil quality. Despite their importance in everyday life, the sustainability of products has been largely overlooked in university sustainability policies. To investigate these perceptions, an anonymous survey was distributed to undergraduate and graduate students on the Studley Campus, focused on their thoughts and understanding on key sustainability criteria such as biodegradability, recycled content, and plastic-free packaging when it comes to different restroom products. A total of 89 responses were received over a ten-day period, but only 81 replies were analyzed due to eight incomplete responses. Chi-squared and T-tests were performed to compare perceptions across different environmental and sustainability focused programs against non-environmental and sustainability focused programs. The findings revealed a gap in student knowledge regarding the environmental impact of restroom products. In addition, it indicated that students are interested in more sustainable alternatives. This research provides valuable insights for Dalhousie University to refine its sustainability policies and practices, offering opportunities to improve waste management, procurement strategies, and overall environmental stewardship. By better understanding student demands, this study contributes to ongoing efforts to align university operations with sustainability goals and environmental responsibility. Keywords: Sustainability, Hygiene Products, Soap, Paper Towels, Toilet Paper, Dalhousie University, Perspectives, Environmental Impact, Menstrual Products, Restrooms
Open Access
Quantifying Cigarette Butt Waste on Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus: A Spatial Analysis of Hotspots via Location and Ground-Type Patterns
(2025-04) Maynard, Gabrielle; Glover, Sophie; Kisseljov, Roman; Ottenbreit-Born, Petra; Sparling, Kate
The abundance of cigarette butt litter present on Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus, resulting from continued smoking creates a barrier to achieving the university's goal of maintaining a smoke-free campus. Physical counts of littered cigarette butts were conducted to quantify cigarette butt pollution on the two campuses and create a visual representation of the data using heatmaps generated using ArcGIS Pro. A total of 13,816 cigarette butts were recorded across 749 surveyed locations. Kruskal-Wallis and Post Hoc Dunn’s tests were used to assess the significance of the distribution of cigarette butts, as well as their associated ground and location types. Cigarette butt accumulation varied by ground type: 65.77% of cigarette butts were found on natural surfaces, 17.44% on artificial surfaces, and 16.79% of cigarette butts were found in areas with both artificial and natural ground types. Additionally, accumulation of cigarette butts varied by location type: the largest quantities were recorded near sidewalks (25.11%), parking lots (21.56%), and educational buildings (21.06%). Notable high-density areas were observed: 676 outside of an administration building, 607 found outside of a library and 485 cigarette butts outside of a residence building, which are visible on the heatmap and illustrated in accompanying figures. The mean cigarette butt count per square meter was 18.45 with a standard deviation of 50.36. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis tests show a significant difference in cigarette butt counts across ground types (p = 0.028) and between location types (p < 0.001). The results of the Post Hoc Dunn’s tests indicate a greater accumulation of cigarette butts on sidewalks and natural ground types. The findings of this study demonstrate that smoking persists despite campus guidelines. However, the results can be used to help inform Dalhousie’s waste management practices and policy enforcement, contributing to a healthier and cleaner environment on Studley Campus. Keywords: Cigarette Butt, Cellulose Acetate, University, Leaching, Second-Hand Smoke, Smoke-Free Policy, Hotspots, GIS (Geographic Information Systems), Litter Audit, Displacement Effect.
Open Access
Quantifying Carbon Dioxide Emission Equivalence from Dalhousie Undergraduates’ Air Travel During the 2024/2025 Academic Year Study
(2025-04) Bendzsa, Liam; Gysel, Jake; Healey, Nyah; Lazo, Lorena; Schwartz, Jaime
Aviation accounts for 4-5% of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. With only 15% of Dalhousie University's undergraduate student body being from Nova Scotia, several students partake in extraneous (Section 3.2) flying over the fall and winter study breaks. This study was conducted to estimate the quantity of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq) emissions produced by Dalhousie undergraduate students based in Studley campus who took part in air travel during the either the fall or winter 2024/2025 study breaks. Quantitative data on student flight paths and qualitative data on perceptions on air travel were gathered through online survey, wherein a sample of 378 eligible students responded. Calculations determined that approximately 9,206.40 tonnes (t) of CO2 eq were emitted by the extraneous study break flights of Dalhousie undergraduate students, based on Studley campus, during the 2024/2025 academic year. Results from this survey disclosed that the added CO2 eq emissions from one (1) student air travel round-trip (Section 3.2) during study breaks amounted to a 6.33% increase from the Canadian average, representing a difference between 17.7 and 18.8 t of CO2 eq emitted by a person in a year. Comparisons were also made to the 1.5 t of CO2 eq target level of emissions per person required to the Paris Agreement goal of keeping warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (°C ) and achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 (Kreil, 2021). These added emissions were calculated for the 38.1% of respondents who took flights during either or both fall and winter study breaks using a weighted average. Flight destination and consequent distance was also analyzed as a variable of this study. These factors were compared to respondents’ level of concern around CO2 eq resulting from air travel. The results determined that students flew to a multitude of different cities across Canada and the world, with Toronto being the most common stop, where 215 students reported landing (Figure 2). This is in part due to the volume of layovers that take place at Toronto Pearson International Airport. The qualitative data gathered from the survey reflected that the majority of respondents do not consider the CO2 eq emissions of air travel as a factor impacting their decision to fly. Instead, flight cost, local activities, and obligations were reasons why students chose to stay local during study breaks. This signifies that Dalhousie should take these factors into consideration, along with the large CO2 eq expenditure of students flying over study breaks and attempt to find ways to incentivize students to remain in Halifax over their Fall and Winter study breaks to reduce overall CO2 eq emissions.
Open Access
Greener Futures in Suits and Ties: Environmental Literacy and Intrigue Among Management and Law Undergraduate Students at Dalhousie University
(2025-04) Herold, Siobhan; Kasouf, Grace; Dupré, Raphaëlle; Nekkers, Hannah; Davies-King, Kieran
Environmental and sustainability issues are prominent and routinely studied issues in our society. These issues are not only important to address, but they have also long been the focus of increasing interest and educational demand. In recent years, universities have begun incorporating and offering environmental education programs, but what about the stimulation of environmental and sustainable knowledge in students in non-science related courses? The goal of this research is to evaluate the level of interest undergraduate students in Management and Law programs at Dalhousie University have in environmental literacy and sustainability initiatives. We investigated whether Management and Law students believe environmental education is important and whether it is incorporated in their studies. We also examined their interest in making environmental or sustainable courses required in their degrees, their participation in Environmental Science (ENVS) or Sustainability (SUST) courses and campus sustainability initiatives, and their willingness to complete an online module on sustainability literacy. Data collection was completed over one week through the distribution of an online survey. The survey included both open-response and closed-response questions. We received 46 survey responses. Survey results revealed that few students have taken an ENVS or SUST course as part of their degree (13.1%) but half (50%) agreed an environmental science course be incorporated into all undergraduate programs at Dalhousie. Over half of the students showed interest in participating in sustainable initiatives through the school, and 84.8% believed environmental knowledge is important in today’s world. Students showed little interest in completing an online sustainability module, with only 26% stating they were somewhat too very interested. Significant differences in responses between Law and Management students were found when asked about the importance of environmental knowledge, where fewer Law students believed in importance compared to those in Management. To satisfy student desire to learn more about these concepts, we recommend that undergraduate programs at Dalhousie incorporate environmental and sustainable concepts into the existing curriculum.
Open Access
Financial Viability of Implementing a Greywater Reuse System in the Life Sciences Centre on Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus
(2025-04) Huber, Anna; Lilly, Griffin; Banks, Justin; Mackenzie, Libby; Clausen, Victoria
The majority of Earth’s water supply is unsuitable for consumption, with only 2.5% classified as freshwater and 1.7% of that is trapped in glaciers, snowcaps and icecaps (Parece et al., 2013). Although Canada is a water-rich country, regional temperatures are warming due to climate change and our northern environment is experiencing milder winters and hotter summers (Government of Canada, 2024b-c). These changes will affect the annual natural runoffs and will have long-term impacts on Canada's access to renewable sources of freshwater (Government of Canada, 2024a). Abdelalim et al. (2015) found that resources used within an institutional setting have the cumulative environmental impact of a small town. Our study explores the physical and financial viability of implementing a greywater reuse system to flush toilets in the Life Sciences Centre (LSC) on Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus. Light greywater from bathroom sinks is a source of greywater that requires minimal treatment to be reused for toilet flushing, a process that unnecessarily uses high-quality drinking water (Olanrewaju & Ilemobade, 2015). To assess the feasibility, both quantitative calculations and qualitative interviews were conducted. During bathroom analysis, usage was monitored, assumptions were made to estimate greywater generation, and freshwater consumption for toilet flushing was measured. In addition, six Dalhousie experts with extensive knowledge of wastewater systems were interviewed. Their responses provided valuable insight and were coded to determine key takeaways. One set of male and female bathrooms in the common area of the LSC was used as the site for this case study, which revealed bathroom sinks generate approximately 39.9 L/hour of greywater, while toilets and urinals consumed around 275.53 L/hour of freshwater. This significant gap indicated the volume of greywater produced would be insufficient to meet flushing demands, rendering the system physically unfeasible. A cost-benefit analysis of economic feasibility supported these results, with annual water savings amounting to roughly $316.23, and over time, this would not be enough to profit or break even within the expected lifespan of a greywater reuse system. Qualitative analysis also reflected these complications, with only three subcodes for potential benefits emerging, while fourteen subcodes related to challenges and concerns. Although greywater reuse offers environmental benefits and supports sustainable resource management, our findings have indicated this proposed reuse method lacks the physical and financial feasibility required to be implemented in the Life Sciences Centre. As such, alternative water-saving strategies may present a more practical and viable option for Dalhousie University. Keywords: campus sustainability, cost-benefit analysis, feasibility, wastewater, water conservation, water management
Open Access
Exploring Bird Feeding as an Enhancement Method of Bird Biodiversity on Dalhousie University Studley Campus; One Seed at The Time
(2025-04) Potvin, Catherine; Pietrosanu, Rebecca; Murphy, Jack; Burton, Ryan; Busillo, Simona
Globally, anthropogenic land alteration and exploitation have introduced significant stressors to avian populations, leading to substantial declines. Such stressors include high mortality rate and significant decrease in food availability and biomass. Birds provide essential ecosystem services by enhancing biodiversity, acting as natural seed dispersers and pollinators, and contributing to mental well-being by fostering a connection to nature. University students, in particular, benefit from bird diversity through stress reduction and increased productivity. However, efforts to enhance bird biodiversity, such as bird feeder implementation, are lacking on university campuses in urban areas. In this study, optimal bird feeder locations were assessed for the Pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula), and Evening grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), which were identified as suitable species for attraction to Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus. We collected tree data and completed a literature review to determine feeder needs and location requirements for each bird species, with an associated maintenance plan and cost analysis. The Baltimore oriole was found to have the most suitable areas for bird feeders, while the Evening grosbeak had the least. Similarly, the Baltimore oriole had the least expensive feeder and food requirements, whereas the Evening grosbeak had the costliest. When summarizing maintenance and costs, volunteer labor was identified as the most affordable and feasible option, with an average contribution of three hours per week through the year. The Baltimore oriole and Pileated woodpecker had similar suitable areas for bird feeders, highlighting feeder location preferences in mixed forest with large trees (DBH>65cm), which were areas found behind the Killiam library and Student Union building. Local habitat features such as these have been found to play a significant role in attracting avian species to urban areas. Several considerations should be made, including proximity to natural and urban features for invasive species management, and proper feeder maintenance including regular cleaning to avoid the spread of potential avian diseases. To maximize conservation benefits and biodiversity enhancement, universities should implement strategic habitat suitability-based feeder placement, regular maintenance plans, and volunteer-based monitoring programs to enhance bird biodiversity Dalhousie University Studley Campus. Key Words: Habitat Suitability; Urban Biodiversity; Bird Feeder; Pileated Woodpecker; Baltimore Oriole; Evening Grosbeak; Disease Transmission
Open Access
Assessing Noise Pollution from the Construction of Dalhousie’s Oulton-Stanish Ice Rink and its Impact on Student's Well-Being
(2025-04) Barnard, Ash; Lutes, Rachel; Musselman, Lillian; Mayaleh, Angelina; Sorensen, Avery
Noise pollution—defined as unwanted noise that causes health problems for people and wildlife—near residential areas has many negative effects including impaired sleep, reduced performance, and decreased health and well-being. In the long term, sleep deprivation has significant impacts on physical and academic performance in university students. This study is focused on the noise pollution caused by on-campus construction on Dalhousie University’s Studley campus, located in Halifax, NS; specifically, noise pollution from the establishment of the Oulton-Stanish Centre, beginning in 2022, and its impact on the well-being of students living in LeMarchant Place residence (LMP). This new ice sports facility is located directly behind LMP and includes a shared atrium with the LMP lobby, meaning construction is both outside and inside the building of residence. To evaluate the effects of this noise pollution on students’ well-being, we conducted a survey with 22 questions, including Likert-scale and open-ended questions. This survey was circulated throughout campus via flyers and was directed at anyone that had lived in LMP for a period between September 2022 and March 2025; a total of 55 responses were received. Of respondents, 87% reported that they have heard construction noise from the Oulton-Stanish Centre in their room. Participants were asked to rate the level of noise heard in their room from 1-5 and their perception of noise level was then taken and compared to the level of disruption this noise caused to their sleep schedule, sleep quality, and academic routine. Kruskal-Wallis analysis was run for each of these factors, and the results showed that there was significant disruption to sleep quality (p = 5.28e-5), sleep schedule (p = 1.39e-04), and academic routine (p = 1.85e-04) relative to the noise levels perceived in their room. Based on these findings, we reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference in students reported disruption levels based on the level of noise heard in their room. For the open-ended questions, a thematic analysis was conducted with results showing 67% of students reported impacted sleep and 33% reported impacted studying. When asked what Dalhousie could do differently, repeated suggestions included warning students prior to their move-in, compensation by discounting room prices, and scheduling the construction at less disruptive hours. Our findings reveal that noise pollution significantly affects students’ sleep patterns, daily routines, and academic productivity; thus, decreasing well-being. Given these results, it is recommended that Dalhousie's administration consider implementing noise reduction strategies during construction projects and increase awareness of the adverse effects of noise pollution. Keywords: Noise pollution, construction, well-being, sleep schedule, sleep quality, academic success, student, university campus, residence
Open Access
E-waste recycling practices in research labs: evaluating the effectiveness of Dalhousie University’s E-Recycling Program in the Faculties of Science and Engineering
(2025-04) Kurtz, Madeleine; McCarron, Emma; Murphy, Sophia; Baxendale, Mara; Lyon, Alex
Electronic waste, abbreviated to e-waste, refers to discarded electronics. This can include items like batteries, computers, printer cartridges, or even larger appliances like refrigerators and ovens. As the use of electronics grows, so does the amount of e-waste produced. Leading to an increasing concern. Universities produce large amounts of e-waste and a significant amount of this is due to laboratories that require the use of electronics in research-based initiatives. Each department and faculty produce different amounts of e-waste depending on their specific research. This study focussed on identifying the amount and type of e-waste that gets produced in labs at Dalhousie University within the Faculties of Science and Engineering. Dalhousie University has two existing initiatives for e-waste: Green Labs and the Dalhousie University E-waste recycling program. The purpose of this research is to determine how well Dalhousie University’s E-recycling program is being used and if it is effectively meeting the electronic disposal needs of these Faculties. Data were collected using information from the E-Recycling Program and from survey responses collected from research labs within the Faculties of Science and Engineering. Both data sets were analyzed separately to determine faculty and departmental trends and any recommendations for improvements. Our results reveal that Dalhousie University’s E-Recycling Program has higher demand within the Faculty of Science on the Studley campus compared to the Faculty of Engineering on the Sexton campus. With desktop computers being most disposed of. Results from the survey responses reported the program to be accessible, albeit not adequately meeting the needs of labs. Ultimately, more awareness, convenience and communication are needed to improve Dalhousie University’s E-Recycling Program. Keywords: E-waste, recycling, university, digitalization, obsolescence, circular economy, Research Laboratory
Open Access
Causes of post-consumer food waste in Dalhousie Studley Campus dining halls based on dining habitats and food waste opinions of students living in on-campus residences
(2025-04) Ghent, Emily; LaPlante, Genevieve; Symonds, Jacob; Chown, Lena; Clair, Sydnee
Food waste in university dining halls is a significant sustainability concern, that must be addressed to decrease environmental impacts and increase institution sustainability (Turker, 2025). We investigated the extent and causes of food waste in Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus dining halls and explored potential solutions to reduce waste. Data were collected via survey between March 11th-17th, 2025. The survey received 70 valid responses from students living in Studley Campus residences, providing insight into their food waste habits, reasons for discarding food, and overall satisfaction with the dining hall experience. The findings reveal that 80% of respondents reported throwing away consumable food at least half the time they ate in the dining halls, with mixed dishes (such as casseroles and rice bowls) and meats being the most discarded. The most frequently cited reason for food waste was poor food quality, with 87% of respondents identifying it as a key factor. Additional contributors included the inability to take leftovers outside the dining hall (46%) and simply feeling too full (36%). Statistical analysis using Fisher’s Exact tests showed a significant relationship between students’ satisfaction with their dining experience and both the frequency and proportion of food waste, with dissatisfied students discarding more food overall. Based on these findings, two primary recommendations emerge: improving the quality and appeal of dining hall food and allowing students to take leftovers outside. With 96% of respondents supporting the latter change, implementing these measures could substantially reduce post-consumer food waste while also enhancing the overall student dining experience. Addressing these concerns is crucial for Dalhousie’s sustainability efforts and for fostering a more positive and efficient food service system on campus. Keywords: Post-Consumer, Food Waste, Poor Quality, Waste Reduction, University, Dining Hall
Open Access
Assessing the Relationship between Sidewalk Foot Traffic and Soil Compaction on Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus
(2025-04) Silva, Nelene; Pell, Allie; Smith, Jazmine; Hambly, Charaya; Ndayegamiye, Christian
Keywords: Soil compaction, foot traffic, porosity, bulk density, NDVI, post-secondary institution, linear mixed-effects ANOVA As cities grow larger there is an increased need to provide walkable areas for pedestrians. However, sidewalks and high foot traffic can create edge effects that alter nearby soil properties, particularly soil compaction. On Dalhousie University's Studley Campus in Halifax, Nova Scotia, heavily trafficked pedestrian areas have led to visible vegetation loss and suspected soil compaction in adjacent greenspaces. The research objective of this study was to examine the effects sidewalks on soil compaction by focusing on three key soil parameters: soil density, dry bulk density, and porosity. Soil samples were collected at seven sidewalk sites around heavily travelled sidewalks on campus as determined by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. At each site, samples were collected at distances of 0.1m, 0.5m, and 1m from the sidewalk along a single transect. At each sidewalk site two samples were taken at each distance and averaged to account for variability. Two samples were taken and averaged at each control site which were collected from five low-traffic locations across campus. Laboratory analysis, which included measuring the weights of both wet and dry soil samples, was conducted to measure the average density, dry bulk density and porosity. To analyze the data a linear mixed- effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify if there was any statistically significant evidence to suggest a difference between the sidewalk sites and control sites. Contrary to the expectations, the results showed no significant difference in these soil parameters with increasing distance from sidewalks or between sidewalk and control sites. These findings contribute to a growing understanding surrounding urban soil dynamics and suggest that foot traffic-related soil compaction may not play as large a role in soil compaction as previously assumed. Further research is recommended to explore additional variables that may affect soil compaction in urban settings.
Open Access
Watt’s up? Assessing Habits of Energy Usage in Residence Students Living in Shirreff Hall at Dalhousie University
(2025-04) Penzinger, Piper; Lavoie, Abigail; H. Nguyen, Nam H.; Luciano, Gabby; MacFarlane, Julia
Energy consumption in higher-education campuses is consistently high in campus residential buildings where the students live full-time during the semester(s); making sustainable energy consumption a primary concern. This intensive operational energy consumption creates a dependency on fossil fuels in Nova Scotia, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and establishing a reliance on non-renewable energy sources to power residential buildings (Canada Energy Regulator 2024). Considering that Dalhousie’s Studley campus houses 2300 students a year (Willick 2021), the energy demand to keep residences in operation with this volume of occupants results in highly intensive energy consumption habits in students. We conducted a behavioral study of the students residing in Shirreff Hall of Dalhousie University, seeking to understand how residents perceived their own energy consumption habits and to determine any potential relation of previous residing areas, with a concern for differences within provincial level changes and their effect on individual’s perceived energy consumption habits. We collected data using a 40-question Microsoft Forms survey that allowed us to get insight into the behaviors of individuals. This survey asked participants about day-to-day and weekly habits that would give grounds for inferencing an individual’s energy consumption: such as concerns over energy sustainability, personal awareness of energy and phantom loads, habits regarding personal interactions with energy, and barriers to sustainable energy consumption. We used a two-sample unequal variance T-test correlation analysis, responses were analyzed to determine correlations and existing relationships between the residential history of participants, developing substantial reasoning for recommendations that aim to bring to attention how easily phantom loads are lost in residences buildings. This study found no statistical significance in the difference between the mean energy consumption of students from Maritime and Non-Maritime regions, suggesting that geographic origin has no influence on energy consumption habits, more research can be done on this topic. Additionally, we found that key barriers to energy conservation amongst students living in Shirreff Hall include convenience factors, lack of awareness, and absence of financial incentives. Based on our study results, we recommend educating students through proactive educational initiatives (i.e. strategically placed posters), interactive seminars during orientation weeks, and real-time energy consumption reports of the residence as tangible evidence of energy usage. Key Words: Phantom Loads, Energy consumption habits, Sustainable energy, Behavior, Dalhousie University, Shirreff Hall Residence.
Open Access
Window of Opportunity: Assessing Heat Loss and Energy Efficiency Improvements in Dalhousie Residence Buildings
(2025-04) Ferguson, Elise; Ferguson, Evelyn; Crake, Harrison; Kini, Kat; Runge, Meghan
As universities seek to meet sustainability targets and reduce operating costs, improving the energy efficiency of campus infrastructure has become increasingly important. Heating and electricity use in student residences, which operate year-round and accommodate hundreds of occupants, are major contributors to institutional energy consumption. One key source of energy loss in these buildings is through inefficient windows, which can account for a significant percentage of heat transfer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the heat lost through existing windows in Dalhousie’s Shirreff and Risley Hall residence buildings to decipher the importance of retrofitting new windows. Shirreff Hall, built in 1923, and Risley Hall, constructed in 2004, are two residence buildings that collectively house nearly 1,000 students. Their age and high occupancy make them particularly energy intensive, emphasizing the importance of assessing energy efficiency improvements. To do this, temperature measurements were taken of the area surrounding six different windows found in both residence buildings on Dalhousie campus. Temperature models, ANOVA tests, and regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the statistical significance of the relationship between indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and heat loss. Results show that heat loss is greater in Risley Hall than in Shirreff Hall, likely due to the greater number and larger size of windows in Risley. However, due to the age of the windows in Shirreff Hall, this building would benefit from the input of windows with a similar or higher energy efficiency as the windows found in Risley, resulting in a reduction in heat loss by over 10 percent annually. Overall, statistical analysis proved to be insignificant, indicating that other components contribute significantly to the heat lost in these buildings. To further this study, it would be beneficial to expand the analysis to include other factors of heat loss, such as insulation or light fixtures.
Open Access
An analysis of surface water pH & community perceptions of greenspaces at Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus
(2024-04) Cooper, Joe; Richards, Madisyn; Pu, Rui; Dietrich, Jenna; Milligan, Madeleine
Acidification and increased turbidity of surface water is a prominent issue in urban environments, as exposure to toxic materials, improper drainage, and other factors can lower the pH of the surface water leading to several adverse environmental effects (Hall & Anderson, 1988). Halifax uses a limited selection of drainage system types, most of which are industrial and perpetuate negative effects on the environment (Sheppard, 2012). Previous research reveals that increased exposure to healthy greenspaces relates to many mental and physical human health benefits (Wang et al., 2022). To see if there was any potential correlation between these facts, we decided to analyze whether or not specific drainage systems perpetuated negative effects of acidification on the environment, and whether or not these findings would correspond with Dalhousie Studley Campus’ current perceptions of their greenspaces. We tested the pH and turbidity of surface water for 12 days, taking into account several different measurement factors such as weather, depth, and drainage systems present across five different greenspaces on Dalhousie University's Studley campus. Alongside this, for 15 days we ran a voluntary survey for the Studley Campus University community to determine their current perspectives on their greenspaces. With these data, we ran a regression analysis to determine if there was any correlation between our measurement variables and surface water pH. We found that at one of our locations there was a significant correlation between drainage systems and pH, additionally at two we found climatic factors to be more significant, our last two locations had insignificant data to determine correlation with significance. Based on location, this indicated that there was a potential benefit to be found in using natural drainage systems compared to non-natural options (Gutters, Manholes, etc.). Our survey indicated that there were relatively negative perceptions of current Studley campus greenspaces, and that this could be improved by increasing maintenance, as well as biodiversity across these spaces. We concluded that implementation of natural drainage systems with improved maintenance would improve community perceptions of Dalhousie’s greenspaces, and with further research it could be determined that this would also reduce the impacts of acidification on surface water across these greenspaces.
Open Access
Cycling Towards Sustainability: Evaluating the Impact of Bike Rack Infrastructure on Student Transportation Choices at Dalhousie University
(2024-04) Groves, M.; Smith, D.; Josey, H.; Guo, X.; Peplinski, M.
Student commuting habits have impacts on Dalhousie’s community and environment. Cycling infrastructure significantly impacts commuting choices and transportation methods throughout the city of Halifax and HRM as a whole, therefore understanding methods of improvements is important to sustain transportation networks throughout the city. This study delves into how improvements in bike rack infrastructure can influence Dalhousie University undergraduate students' travel choices. The purpose of the study is to identify student perceptions and motivations for improvements in bike rack infrastructure. Gauging both allows room for analysis and discussion on the influence on Dalhousie's undergraduate students. Mixed methods of data collection allowed a solid scope of information to be gained to produce final influences caused by improvements in bike rack infrastructure. Distribution of surveys through posters and word of mouth helped gather information from a bulk of quantitative questions. Data collection continued with a small portion of qualitative questions to gather further details. Qualitative research was carried out in form through in-person interviews with students throughout the Studley Campus. Results gathered from the mixed method research method carried into analysis where correlation calculations gave us final gauges on student perceptions. The study amplifies the importance of reliable, supportive, and protective cycling infrastructure on the Dalhousie Studley campus. Through data collection and analysis, we determine there is not a specific urgent need for bike rack coverings to be implemented throughout Studley Campus, however dividing data from those with bikes as opposed to without bikes was key in final thoughts and discussions for our research. Those with bikes provided useful information on likeliness to commute via bike due to implications such as weather and infrastructure. However, those without bikes provided good information on possible further research into student access to bikes and cycling amenities. Overall, information gathered holds implications for new improvements throughout the campus to support the biking culture and environment, with sustainable choices increasing amongst students.
Open Access
Growing Upwards: An Assessment of Student Perceptions on Studley Campus Green Roofs
(2024-04) Main, Alexander; Joy, Kaylin; Stathis, Margaret; Brunet, Ryan; Mcgraw, Zach
The rapid urbanization occurring in Halifax, Nova Scotia necessitates the implementation of carbon dioxide offsetting structures such as green roofs. This report seeks to investigate student perceptions of green roofs and the barriers present between students and information about green roofs on Studley campus at Dalhousie. It was important to gauge student’s current knowledge to understand the origin and extent of this information. Previous research has been completed on the feasibility of implementing and improving green roofs at Dalhousie, although no further work has been done by the University. A short online survey was released to the undergraduate students to measure their current knowledge and future visions for Dalhousie green roof initiatives. We received 132 responses which displayed overwhelming support for green roof enhancement and implementation. Interviews with Dalhousie Staff and a literature review were also crucial in data collection. It was evident that students in the Faculty of Science are much more knowledgeable than non-science students on the existence, advantages, and definition of green roofs. However, there is no significant difference in knowledge about green roofs and willingness to support projects. The findings also indicate that students would be interested in open access to intensive green roofs for study purposes. Further analysis should be completed on the feasibility of implementing faculty-wide sustainability modules, so all undergraduate students are supported in making informed decisions.
Open Access
Assessing the Influence of Hurricane Fiona on Dalhousie Students’ Perceptions of Psychological Distance to Climate Change and Adoption of Sustainable Behaviours
(2024-04) Cox, Layla; Halminen, Sophie; Luty, Ethan; Reid, Reegan
This report analyzes the influence of Hurricane Fiona on Dalhousie University students' perceptions regarding the reality of increased Atlantic Canadian hurricanes and their connection to unsustainable consumption patterns and behaviours. Through a survey-based approach targeting students present during Hurricane Fiona's landfall, the research associated with this report aims to determine correlations between hurricane impact and psychological distance to climate change. The research centers on establishing how the hurricane influenced students' perceptions of climate change, including more specific factors associated with the degree of psychological detachment from climate change while measuring the change in student adoption of sustainable habits. Hypotheses posit positive correlations between hurricane impact and psychological distance to climate change and between hurricane impact and adoption of sustainable behaviours. Data analysis involves confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) to test these relationships. However, the study faces limitations due to a smaller-than-desired sample size, potentially impacting the generalizability and reliability of findings. Despite these limitations, the report provides insights into how hurricanes can shape students' perceptions and behaviours related to climate change.
Open Access
Investigating student exposure to Mi'kmaq Traditional Knowledge through Dalhousie University courses
(2024-04) Mooney, Meredith; Simington, Faith; Chilibeck, Sasha; Merker Myers, Nathanial
The implementation of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (TK) is important because it can improve social, economic, and environmental sustainability across the world (Spee et al., 2021) and can enhance student learning. In addition, education institutions in Canada have been called upon to meaningfully incorporate TK in their curricula, as per the Calls to Action from the Truth and Reconciliation Committee of Canada (2024). Dalhousie University is the largest university in Atlantic Canada and is located on the unceded and traditional territory of the Mi’kmaq. As such, the university has made efforts to include Mi’kmaq Traditional Knowledge (MTK) within its curricula as per their Indigenous Strategy (2018); however, there have been no formal investigations into student satisfaction with the level of MTK offered through course learning. This study investigated the extent of undergraduate student experience with MTK at Dalhousie University and attempted to determine common course pathways offering MTK, and possible barriers that limit students from exposure to MTK. Surveys were sent to undergraduate students in environmental-related programs, such as Oceanography and Biology, via social media, mass email, class advertisement, and QR code posters over a period of nine days. The survey received 49 responses, primarily from 3rd and 4th year Environmental Science and Marine Biology majors. Students commonly felt that their courses provided either no information on MTK or provided minimal in-depth discussion on the topic. The findings of our study indicate that Indigenous Studies-related courses, specific College of Sustainability courses, and Environmental Science courses instructed by Dr. Caroline Franklin received higher ratings in terms of the extent to which MTK was integrated into their curriculum. Based on our findings, we recommend including more guest lecturers of Indigenous decent, incorporate land-based learning, and, when possible, provide MTK at all stages of research, to help increase overall exposure to MTK in education at Dalhousie University.
Open Access
How well do you sort? The impacts of Dalhousie University student demographics on understanding proper waste sorting on campus and in the Halifax Regional Municipality
(2024-04) Baird, Justin; Clements, Sarah; Matthews, Jordan; Targett, Abbie; Yadegardjam, Yana
The inability of students to properly sort their waste on Dalhousie’s campus and in the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) resulting from improper waste management education creates barriers to achieving Dalhousie’s sustainability goals. In Canada, there is a very high level of daily consumer waste created and a measured inefficiency of waste sorting practices established at many global post-secondary institutions. Furthermore, this project conducted research to determine the most influential factors in the missorting of municipal solid waste and understand the tools most likely to improve Dalhousie’s undergraduate students' ability to manage their waste effectively. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative data collection, demographic-based questions were used to compare students' ability to accurately sort waste within a survey, followed by the relationship between these results and familiarity with current HRM waste sorting tools. It was found that the most significant factors in a student's ability to properly sort waste were how long they have resided in the HRM and their familiarity with current waste sorting information. Furthermore, student-provided feedback outlines future studies that could be conducted to determine the most impactful ways of disseminating waste management guidelines to educate Dalhousie’s undergraduate student population effectively. Overall, a future analysis involving a greater data set will aid in implementing waste management tools on Dalhousie campuses that will effectively target the student demographics requiring further waste sorting education.
Open Access
Considering Nature: An Examination of Student Perceptions towards Manicured Green Space Environments at Dalhousie University
(2024-04) Ferguson, Liam; Shuman, David J.; Steele, Rebecca; Walton, Erin
Scholarship surrounding the impact of urban green spaces on the wellbeing of populations has provided rich insights that can help further our understanding of interactions between natural and built environments. However, there are few studies of green spaces within the context of learning environments. This study's purpose was to identify Dalhousie University student perceptions of green spaces and their local biodiversity composition within a university campus. Previous studies have focused on general aesthetic and health benefits of green spaces. Our research intends to characterize how students perceive the status of green environments on Dalhousie University’s Studley, and Sexton campuses. By performing a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative analysis on data collected via a survey, we were able to develop insights into student priorities for green spaces. We determined that there is moderate evidence (R2 = 0.3206) to support a relationship between students who perceive green spaces as positively contributing to their learning experience and students who feel that accessibility to green spaces increases their willingness to engage in environmental or sustainability related initiatives or organizations across campus. Using involvement in student societies and other initiatives focused on conservation and sustainable lifestyles as a maxim for positive impact from green spaces, we attempt to draw connections between students’ experience with green spaces and how willing they are to participate in their community. It is our hope that decision makers, like urban planners and campus administrators, will use the data we collected in this study to inform how they design the built environment at Dalhousie, in Halifax, and beyond. With an understanding that green spaces positively contribute to student well-being, building greener campuses comes with another benefit.
Open Access
Nature vs. Nurture: Studying the Influence of Formal Environmental Education Receivedfrom Ages 4-18 on the Interpretation of Environmental Consciousness for Domestic Undergraduate Students of Dalhousie University’s Studley Campus
(2024-04) Barton, Gabrielle; Chandler-Baas, Freddy; MacLellan, Lorel; Vikedal, Quinn
Our study’s purpose was to investigate the relationship between environmental education prior to post-secondary education and current participation in sustainable behaviour and or beliefs. The issue of protecting our environment is both extremely complicated and important in ensuring a sustainable future for coming generations. Finding the most effective method to convey the importance of sustainable actions to individuals and organizations is invaluable in the fight against climate change. In order to investigate if prior education played a significant factor in domestic Dalhousie undergraduate students’ participation in sustainable behaviour we circulated self-reported surveys that used Likert scale and closed and open-ended questions (Appendix A). With the help of our many Dalhousie department administrators, and the use of social media as a tool we circulated the survey and began collecting data. This data was catalogued and converted into two separate scores ranked out of 100. These scores measured sustainable behavior/values or BVScore and environmental education or EdScore/ that was quantitatively analyzed against patterns found in the data. Similarly, qualitative analysis was used to find patterns in long-answer responses and determine if they had any correlation to either score. Once analyzed the data shows significantly higher EdScores in Ontario and British Columbia compared to Nova Scotia. The data also show a decrease in the number of outdoor experiences as respondents moved into higher level grades. Limitations to this study were high, limiting the number of statistically significant trends we were able to pull from the data. Despite lacking statistical significance this study provides valuable information to be used in development of future studies.