Physical Activity and Executive Functions in Young Adults: A Systematic and Empirical Investigation

Abstract

Young adults rely on executive functions (EFs) to navigate the transition to adulthood, and poorer EFs are associated with greater challenges during this period. Understanding factors that enhance young adults’ EFs will inform intervention strategies. Physical activity (PA), particularly exercise, is a promising strategy for enhancing EFs, though optimal PA parameters for young adults are unclear. A systematic review of 44 randomized controlled trials (N=3,124, ages 18–30) revealed that moderate-intensity and moderate-duration exercise of various types generally benefited young adults’ EFs in the short-term, while longer-term effects have been understudied. A follow-up cross-sectional study with undergraduate students (N=212) indicated that PA had a limited role in predicting EFs, whereas musical training, positive affect, and sleep quality were stronger predictors. Findings highlight the short-term benefits of exercise for young adults’ EFs, and suggest that other lifestyle factors, such as musical training, may be important for cognitive health promotion strategies.