Mechanisms underlying the production effect for singing.
Date
2019
Authors
Quinlan, Chelsea
Taylor, Tracy L.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Canadian Psychological Association
Abstract
The production effect is defined as better memory for items that were read aloud compared to items that were read silently. Quinlan and Taylor (2013) expanded the findings of the production effect by demonstrating that singing items produces even better recognition performance than reading aloud, and argued that this was due to enhanced relative distinctiveness. The current study tested three alternative accounts. In Experiment 1, we explored whether singing results in a larger production effect because it is deemed more bizarre than reading aloud. To address this, we tested a sample for whom singing does not seem bizarre: experienced singers. They also showed better recognition of items that were sung compared to those that were read aloud. In Experiment 2, we determined that singing appears to take longer than either reading aloud or reading silently; however, the possible effect of production time was further explored in Experiment 3. We did this by instructing participants to sing quickly, read aloud slowly, or read silently. Altering relative production times resulted in no discernable changes in subsequent recognition performance. Finally, in Experiment 4, we explored whether singing might strengthen the memory trace relative to reading aloud. We tested this by manipulating the production instruction between subjects. This eliminated the recognition advantage for both reading items aloud as well as for singing them aloud. Having ruled out these alternatives, we argue that singing improves subsequent recognition because it offers more distinctive elements than either reading aloud or reading silently.
Description
Compared to when words are read silently at study, subsequent recognition is better if those words are read aloud, and best if they are sung. We rule out other alternative explanations to suggest that singing is a particularly effective memory strategy because the words become relatively distinct.
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Citation
Quinlan, C. K., & Taylor, T. L. (2019). Mechanisms underlying the production effect for singing. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 73(4), 254–264. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000179