Validation of Structured Light 3D Scanning for Measurement of Tibial Bone Defects in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical procedure for treatment of end stage knee osteoarthritis. Failures of TKA may be associated with significant bone loss at the time of revision surgery. Appropriate management of bone loss is important for the success of revision TKA. The most accurate evaluation of bone loss severity is done intraoperatively; however currently there are no quantitative methods of measuring bone defects. This limits the ability of surgeons to accurately assess the extent of bone loss, study patient outcomes or choose the most appropriate implant for each patient. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate optical 3D scanning technologies for their ability to accurately measure the volume and geometry of tibial bone defects. This study begins by comparing three optical surface scanning technologies: Active Stereovision (ASV), Time-of-Flight (ToF)-LiDAR, and Structured Light (SL). Based on their performance in generating accurate 3D models from tibial sawbones, SL was identified as the most suitable for intraoperative use and was selected for further validation. A data pipeline was developed to measure the volume of bone defects using SL in simulated Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) on cadaveric bones. The accuracy of volume and geometric measurements obtained with SL was validated against micro-CT (μCT) scans, which served as the ground truth reference. The SL-generated 3D models met the predetermined accuracy threshold for correct implant selection. Our results indicate that SL is a promising technology for intraoperative assessment of bone loss. Reconstructed 3D models of bone defects can be used for intraoperative implant selection and to study patient outcomes.