A RISK ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SMR DESIGNS
Date
2024-08-08
Authors
Abumousa, Shatha
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Abstract
This thesis investigates the risk analysis of various Small Modular Reactor (SMR) designs, focusing on the
three critical aspects: safety, security, and safeguards (3S's). SMRs, with their innovative design, promise
enhanced safety, modularity, and flexibility in nuclear power generation. However, their deployment
introduces unique risks that require thorough evaluation.
The study involves a detailed assessment of ten diverse SMR designs, including water-cooled reactors,
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs), fast reactors, and molten salt reactors. It explores the
impact of specific threats such as Loss of Coolant Accidents (LOCA), cyber incidents, and spent nuclear
fuel theft on these designs. The methodology used includes identifying potential threats, prioritizing
them, assessing vulnerabilities, and calculating overall risk, emphasizing the integration of 3S principles.
The thesis examines the tolerance of each SMR design to these risks, revealing how different designs
respond to various threats. This comprehensive analysis provides critical insights into the strengths and
weaknesses of the proposed SMR designs, aiding stakeholders in managing risks and ensuring the safe
and secure implementation of SMRs in the nuclear energy sector.
Description
This thesis provides an in-depth risk analysis of various small modular reactor (SMR) designs, focusing on their safety, security, and safeguards. SMRs offer the potential to address global energy needs through clean and reliable electricity, presenting both opportunities and challenges. The study employs a systematic risk assessment methodology to evaluate vulnerabilities related to loss of coolant accidents (LOCA), cyber incidents (CI), and spent nuclear fuel (SNF) theft. It reveals that while advanced SMRs like high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) and molten salt reactors exhibit lower risks for LOCA, newer designs with complex control systems face higher cybersecurity threats. Additionally, reactors with high-enrichment fuels or extended refueling intervals are more susceptible to SNF theft, necessitating robust safeguards.
The analysis underscores the importance of incorporating safety, security, and safeguards principles into SMR design. Despite the promise of SMRs for modularity and adaptability, they must address inherent challenges related to cost, technology, and regulatory processes. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for empirical data to validate theoretical models and the development of advanced cybersecurity and safeguard measures.
This holistic approach is crucial for enhancing the reliability and acceptance of SMRs in the evolving nuclear energy landscape. By addressing these challenges, SMRs can play a significant role in the transition to a sustainable energy future, offering a secure and adaptable solution for meeting the growing global energy demand.
Keywords
Small Modular Reactors, Risk Assessment, Nuclear Energy, Safety, Security, and Safeguards 3S's