Stratégies d'apprentissage des langues secondes dans un environnement informatisé : une méta-analyse qualitative de l'utilisation du courrier électronique

Abstract

This thesis examines the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to Second-language (L2) learning. It analyzes the use of electronic mail as a cognitive tool and aims at providing a better understanding of the learning process in a computerized environment. In this meta-analysis, qualitative data were drawn from independent studies (n=29) published between 2000 and 2010. The thesis briefly reviews historical and theoretical perspectives on Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and language learning strategies. Then, with reference to Oxford’s (1990) typology, it investigates the use of learning strategies in email exchanges or projects of L2 learners. The identification of five categories of learning strategies (cognitive, social, meta-cognitive, compensatory and affective) constitutes the ground work to defining the paradigms of L2 learning associated with the use of electronic mail. The study draws parallels between this electronic learning environment and Jonassen et al.’s (1999, 2008) five principles of meaningful learning, namely active, constructive, intentional, authentic and cooperative learning. Furthermore, a (non-exhaustive) list of five variables associated with successful L2 learning via email interaction (sustained communication, proficiency level in L2, audience interaction, structure of the language-related task and the topics of email correspondence) is presented. As demonstrated in this research, this ICT’s ability to provide a favorable L2 learning environment is threefold. First, the use of electronic mail, as a cognitive tool, fosters learners’ activation of learning strategies. Second, patterns reflecting the principles of self-appropriated learning in the electronic environment suggest its role in the development of transversal skills. Finally, attitude changes towards L2 culture and stereotypes and towards L2 learning, among others, indicate modifications to learners’ behavior. This study also provides updates to Oxford’s (1990) typology of learning strategies in the five categories identified, based on data from the 29 studies. The pedagogical implications, discussed in the conclusion, draw attention to the qualitative and non-linguistic learning outcomes, as well as to the social, affective and cultural dimensions related to the use of email interaction in L2 learning.